I found this paper that discusses the Danish Method. It seems their work is trying to identify times when the error is NOT gaussian, specifically her...

John Giles, post: 350718, member: 57 wrote: They are on day 3 and have to re-traverse half the job because they went the wrong direction. Why is it ...

In the end, you have to use whatever works. The Railroad (chord) definition is that the degree of curve is how much the forward direction changes in m...

What Mark said. Wollf & Ghilani Elementary Surveying also has enough discussion to help in the chapter on least squares. To further explain:The li...

The annual bump

Fax was always such awful quality. I don't understand why anyone would still want to use Fax when legal-size flatbed scanners are cheap, there are go...

If anyone is interested, I updated the Notes file at the link above to include my batch files.

The math behind least squares assumes a bunch of things, which are (more than?) satisfied if the errors are all Gaussian normal unbiased with known st...

I understand the "software as a service" business model and the need to keep selling updates. I don't like it, but understand it. But charging a big ...

The data doesn't know a foresight on your traverse from a backsight on a reverse traverse. The shorter leg of an angle usually dominates the angle er...

Those are some tight standard error numbers, so I'm impressed that you are meeting chi squared test - good work. I guess you have no direct elevation ...

I don't understand the reference to "what I measured" because there is no display of your measurement values. The values you posted are the elevation...

How about looking at the NGS data sheets for some HARN/CBN/FBN stations around your area to see how much the superseded values shifted with each adjus...

Seems like putting the base over a nail in the ground would have advantages over leaving it on the truck. Yes it saves setup with the truck. But what...

One point of the article is the well-known fact that you need long sights to reduce the accumulation of angle errors. Redundant observations, sightin...

[sarcasm]But they saved at least $250[/sarcasm]