If you use a "Compass Adjustment" the error in angle closure will be distributed evenly, even it is perfectly obvious that there are weak angles (base...

Weak angles can be factored into a LSA. Weight the angles that are weak.

Maybe NGS software is the answer for us surveyors with PP software that is no longer supported?

> I know there a lot of people still using older processing packages, many of which are no longer supported. So, in order to use the absolute model...

Living in a forested landscape I go from 15-18 degrees depending on what I need to get a solution.

Laser LevelsSteve: wouldn't moving the laser level to a new point solve the distance limitations?

That is a well written article. I wish our newspapers would explore the issues as well as your local newspaper did.I am no expert in this matter, but...

Absolutely. All it does, at least the one we had at the time (15 years ago), is give you a constant reference plane and you do the rest just like you ...

You can't be careful enough using OPUS GPS for elevations. If it is relevant I will tie into a NGS BM and compare it to my OPUS value. I in effect do ...

My guess is that that pin was set in the winter with copious amounts of snow on the ground. The surveyor probably didn't even realize that he was pou...

I have always preferred dogs to people.

I would certainly support that law. I agree with the intent completely.